Economic Downturn in East Asia

A large economic downturn in East Asia threatens to end its nearly 30 year run of high growth rates. The crisis has caused Asian currencies to fall 50-60%, stock markets to decline 40%, banks to close, and property values to drop. The crisis was brought on by currency devauations, bad banking practices, high foreigh debt, loose government regulation, and corruption. Due to East Asian countries has prompted other countries to worry about the affect on their own economies and offer aid to the financially troubled nations (Sanger 1). The East Asian crisis has affected almost all of he Asian nations, but the three hardest hit countries are Thailand, Indonesia, The panic began in Thailand in May of 1997 when speculators, worried about Thailand†s slowing economy, exces sive debt, and political instability devalued the baht as they fled for market-driven currencies like the American dollar. Indonesia†s evonomy soom fell soon after when the rupiah hit a record low against the U. S. dollar. Indonesia is plagued by more than $70 billion worth of bad debts and a corrupt and ineffcient government. Thailand and Indonesia also suffer from eing overbuilt during real estate booms that reven2 were the result of huge influxes of cash by ooptimistic foreign debt, decreasing exports, and weakening currency (Lochhead 4-5). Other major countries touched by the crisis are Japan, China, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Japan†s economy is burdened by 300 billion in bad back loans and a recession. Chinese bank may carry badd banks loans of up to $1trillion. The banks lend 66% of China†s investment capital to state-run industries that only produce 12% of China†s Malaysia and the Philippines are both faced with devvalued currencies nd lowered stock markets (Lochhead 5). The implicationsof the Asian financial crisis are many. A declining Asian economy will reduce demand for U. S. and other countries† exports. The devalued currencies of East Asia will make Asian imprts seen cheap and will lead to increased American imports, thus increasing our trade deficit (Lochhead 2). A worldwide banking emerge could result if the embattled Asian economies failed to pay back thier loans to the U. S. and other countries (Duffy 2). If the Asian economies fall further, in a desire to raise cash, they might sell the hundreds of billion dollars of U. S. reasuries they now own, leading to higher interest An article in the Economist reported that the Asian economic turmoil and trhe layoffs that may result, could instigate increased discontent and possibly give rise to violent strikes, riots, and greater political instability. Since the financial turmoil causes instability in the world market, several solutions have been porposed designed to restore the health of the Asian economy. The int4ernational Monetary Fund is offering $60 billion in aid packages to Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea. The aid will be used for converting short-term debt to long-term debt nd to keep currencies from falling lower in the world market. Lower currency values make repaying loans to other nations more difficult. The aid packages are tied to measures that will ensure that the recipient countries reform their economies, some of the measures the nations must follow are increasing taxes to decrease budget deficits, ending corruption, increasing bank banking regulations, and improving accounting information so investors Closing insolvent banks, selling of inefficient state enterprises, and increasing interest rates to slow growth and encourage stability. Hopefully these market reforms will allow East Asia to improve its economic outlook. Since most of the Asian nations have balanced budgets, low inflation, cheap labor, pro business governments, and high savings rates, the long-term outlook for these countries is very good. The financial crisis, instead of destroying the Asian tigers, will merely serve as a much needed lesson in debt management, orderly growth, competent accounting practices, and efficient government. Considereing the size of Asias contribution to the world economy, a rapid recovery will be greatly anticipated.

Henry David Thoreau and Resistance to Civil Government Essay

Henry David Thoreau was the most active participant in the Transcendentalist movement. He was a student and mentee of Ralph Waldo Emerson. While Emerson had transcendental ideas, Thoreau would act on them and fully practice them. Hence, he felt that he and others should resist America’s Civil Government. I heartily accept the motto, â€Å"That government is best which governs least†; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. (Thoreau) Thoreau starts out his famous essay with the statement that government should be weak and the people strong. He was a strong advocate of the individual the rights of the individual. To him, a person should be self reliant, as Emerson taught. He felt that the more citizens relied on their government for their needs, then the stronger the government would become and that could be dangerous. He felt that being controlled by a government, or anything else for that matter, was a tragedy in a person’s life. The main reason that Thoreau wrote Resistance to Civil Government was because he was completely tired of a government that could allow slavery to exist. Slavery was an institution in the Southern states where people actually owned African Americans. He felt that if it was wrong for a government to have to much power over the individual and his/her rights, then surely it was wrong for another human to own another. In the institution of slavery, the slave has no rights at all. Slaves were made to work extremely hard. Thoreau had nothing against hard work for an individual’s own self-reliance, but the slave did not benefit from his/her work. The owner reaped all of the profit. They did not get to choose their profession, it was illegal to teach them to read or write, many owners beat them, and they could be sold away from their families at any time. The owner controlled everything about them even life and death. Slavery went against everything that Thoreau believed about government and the individual. If it was true that it government should have as little control as possible, then it was an abomination that this kind of power could control another. Thoreau was so appalled that a government that claimed in its constitution that all men were created equal, could turn a blind eye to the institution of slavery. He decided that since his tax dollars went to a government that supported such an institution, he would no longer pay his taxes. He hoped that he could inspire others who proclaimed abolitionist thoughts would do the same. However, they did not. In fact when Emerson came to the jail to post his bond, he asked Thoreau why he was in jail. Thoreau responded by asking Emerson why he was not in there with him. Thoreau’s idea of civil disobedience to a government that is not of the people has been successful for several generations after Thoreau’s death. He impacted the lives of such great men as Ghandi and the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. King used Thoreau’s method and turned a nation around and forced it to recognize the civil rights of all people by Resistance to Civil Government. Thoreau and his idea of peaceful protest will remain an affective way to change governments for generations to come.

Macy Brand Essay

1. Macy’s is one of very few brands in the retail business that can credibly be called an icon, and the flagship store in New York and the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade are considered a commercial and cultural legacies. Since some years ago Macy’s Inc. has undertaken an extensive effort to transform Macy’s from a regional to a national brand, redefining itself. Macy’s national branding strategy is offering a more localized, personalized retail customer experience. My Macy’s is a sweeping initiative designed to embed a customer-centric orientation into every aspect of the company’s operations, and it reflects the way Macy’s wants its customers to view their personalized relationship with the company every time they interact with the brand. Macy’s believes that the aim is consistency and the key is data. To implement the kind of customer-centricity envisioned a customer data strategy was a prerequisite. So was needed to consolidate the various data repositories that had accumulated from predecessor companies, and for realizing the foundational importance of this work on a long-term macys.com need to turn to IBM to provide guidance and tools. To finish the virtually transformation macys.com worked to put in place the architectural elements needed for a 360 degree view of its customers to support a strategy of multichannel integration. 2. Considering this IT implementation Macy’s is able to know customer’s preferences and create dynamically customizes recommendations or personalized promotions and these information established a deeper level of engagement between the customers and the brand, the customer loyalty, wallet share and the sales will increase. This implementation improved the decision making and optimized the distribution center. All these benefits had make Macys’ a much more customer-centric company. 3. A data strategy was a pre-requisite towards Macy’s multichannel model to Macys’ be able to become more customer-centric. This mean, it was needed to capture customer data to enable Macys’ to interact on a more personal level with its customers. So all the previous customer’s data and a 360-degree view of the customer will personalize and enrich the customer experience in the company. To get all the information from previous data and from the 360-degree view of the customer, Macys’ turned to IBM and they provide IBMÂ  InfoSphere Information Server platform and IBM InfoSphere DataStage to integrate the multiple sources of customer data, they also provide IBM InfoSphere QualityStage to ensure that all data can be trusted and finally they provide IBM InfoSphere Warehouse Enterprise Edition to macys.com be capable to get data warehouse framework for real-time analytics. 4. To understand if this information system is strategic for the company I will do a 5 Forces of Porter analysis. According with the benefits of the IT implementation Macys’ customers will become more loyal at the brand what will minimize the bargaining power of the buyers. Working with IBM made Macys’ able to understand the evolving business needs to take the right decisions on technology and architecture, what make Macys’ more flexible to changes, and that will decrease the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of suppliers and the threat of new entrance. With all the powerless 4 forces will influence rivalry decreasing it. To conclude, all the 5 forces have no influence on Macys’ strategy what means that this information system is strategic for the company. 5. Â  To transform Macys’ from regional to a national brand and become a more customer-centric company was need to transform in scope, the physical, logistical and organizational dimensions. According with The Venkatraman model Macys’ has achieve revolutionary levels being at the Business Scope Redefinition Degree Transformation.

Leadership models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership models - Essay Example In this regard, the paper will endeavor to identify and analyze different characteristics of change models, and will attempt to discuss its advantages and drawbacks as well. In any organization, commitment plays a significant and decisive role in the success of any change process. However, studies indicated that organizations and business experts were unable to give importance to the notion of commitment that is an imperative component in the process. For such purpose, the identified change model has attempted to provide an illustration of the process of creation of commitment. Specifically, this model has provided three phases that are responsible for the development of commitment, and may have a significant impact on any change process in the organization (Burke, 2007). This model suggests that support is very crucial for any change, and thus, the first phase of ‘Inform’ focuses on the formation of basis for expansion of essential support. In specific, inform phase put efforts by providing awareness to individuals that is necessary for alteration in their behavior, a step that allows positive change in the organization. After some awareness, this model brings individuals and organizations into ‘Educate’ phase that involves recognition of the change and its effect that will create an environment encouraging individual decisions in the organization. Thus, advocates of this model argue that it is very imperative for employers to present a positive and efficient outcome of the change that will facilitate all the stakeholders to take their decision in favor of the change during this phase. After stages of information and education, the model has suggested the last phase of ‘commit’ that begins the implementation of change in the organization. In other words, the first two stages are the preparatory phases and the third one can be termed as executive phase (Burke, 2007). In brief, one of the advantages of this system is

Expo 67 (1967 International and Universal Exposition) Essay

Expo 67 (1967 International and Universal Exposition) - Essay Example er of visitors that toured the general exhibition fair, as well as the entertainment, different Expo pavilions elected by different countries and the wonderful La Ronde, which represented everything that an amusement park should be (10). The theme of Nationalism was pronounced the loudest during this fair, than in any other event of the Canadian history. Nevertheless, the success of the 1967 Canadian International and Universal Exposition did not occur without challenges, and the success was only achieved through the sacrifices, determination, commitment and hard work of various key individuals (). Nevertheless, despite the wave of nationalism that was created by the Expo 67 general fair, the concept of male dominance is reflected in the buildup, construction and planning of Expo 67, where all the major players in the preparation of the Expo happened to be men (). Additionally, while the event is one of the major nationalism pronounced event, the nationalism, patriotism and loyalty of the Canadian business community was put into question during this major event. Therefore, this discussion seeks to analyze the Canadian 1967 International and Universal Exposition as a major Canadian nationalism pronouncement event, wh ile still assessing the concept of male dominance in Canada in 20th century, as represented by this major event. The accomplishment and success of Canadian 1967 International and Universal Exposition did not come easy, and it took the strong will of a group of men who later came to be known as the ‘Les Durs’, interpreted to mean’ the tough guys’ (). Jean Drapeau, a key figure in the planning, construction and launch of the Expo 67 was the mayor of Montreal at the time, and his commitment to the success of the project still stands as a great show of nationalism. Jean Drapeau did no6t only have a vision for the Expo 67, but also for Expo 68, 69, 70 and so on, by seeking to use the Expo 67 infrastructure as the fairground that would fulfill its

The Policies and Procedures that Govern the Hiring Practices Article

The Policies and Procedures that Govern the Hiring Practices - Article Example Catholic Charities tends to employ several policies as well as procedures in their human resource policies such as equal opportunity rights, fair wages and safe working environment among others. Introduction In the era of competition, the employers are confronted with certain challenges to attract, develop and hence retain the best employees in their organization. Recognition and hiring of the right candidates are considered to be the key human capital priorities of most of the organizations in the United States (Walsh, 2012). The prime objective of the discussion is to gauge the policies as well as procedures governing the hiring practices in Catholic Charities Spokane. The hiring practices of Catholic Charities shall be related to the federal and state regulations of the US. The discussion shall also intend to identify the activities involved in securing the position within the facility and the ways in which the standards of the National Labor Relations Board has an impact upon the interview process. Policies and Procedures That Govern the Hiring Practices The federal as well as the state laws that monitor the human resources policy were initiated in order to shield the employees (Purdue University, 2012). The prime objective of such laws has been to shield the employees from discrimination and thus assist in securing retirees pension checks. It is the duty of the federal law to monitor the hiring practices as well as medical leaves for the employees who have been working with the organization for longer period. According to the US Department of Labor, the state laws tend to alter depending upon the scenario of employment. Minimum wage as well as child labor standards are set by the state laws (US Department of Labor, 2000). It is quite prudent to comprehend regarding these laws and hence identify how these laws can protect the individuals (United States Office of Personnel Management, 2012). In an interview with the personnel manager of the Catholic Charitie s Spokane, it was intended to identify the policies and procedures governing the hiring practices in the organization. One of the policies pertaining to the organization has been that a constant as well as an educated employee tends to contribute in an effective way to the consumer satisfaction as well as for ensuring positive service delivery outcomes for Catholic Charities Spokane. In light of this fact, it becomes essential for the organization to make its hiring practices quite stringent in order to obtain the right kind of employees. It is observed that the Catholic Charities aims at offering equitable work environment which is supportive of organizational output, multiplicity as well as constancy. The Catholic Charities believes the fact that it is significant to offer equal opportunity to all the employees in order to attain consistent success of the organization. In relation to the state and federal laws, Catholic Charities does not tend to distinguish against any employee f or the purpose of recruitment because of creed, color, religion, age or non-job factors in the process of hiring. It can be stated that the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission governs the employers for the practice related to unlawful favoritism. This comprises the unfairness related to age, gender, religion as well as national origin (Catholic Charities Spokane, 2012). For the purpose of ensuring conformity with the legal requirements the organizations review its use related

There are several reasons older students have a difficult time Essay

There are several reasons older students have a difficult time adjusting to online classes - Essay Example I luckily found another job recently that pays me more than the last one and additionally, the duty hours are reduced. I shall be free three hours earlier than when I used to be in the last job. Therefore, I would be able to dedicate more time to my studies. Also, I have recently undergone an eye operation and my eye-sight is improved to the extent that I do not find it difficult to concentrate upon something for long periods of time. Besides, I am so moved by my last disqualification that I am determined to do better this time. I would like to avail this opportunity to convey to the Dean that continuous three hour lecture causes a lot of hindrance in the maintenance of interest necessary for the studies. However, it becomes far more difficult for students with a weak eye-sight to concentrate upon the screen for such a long period of time continuously. Hence, there is a need to increase the number of lectures while shortening the duration of individual lectures. In addition to that, assignments should be more technical and less comprehensive because lengthy assignments are difficult to adjust in the busy schedule of working

Stimulate speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stimulate speech - Essay Example I will be discussing these in detail further. One of the major mistakes that a number of us make is to try and choose the easy way of doing things in a way to avoid hard work. This is not the right attitude and the exact opposite needs to be done to be successful in life. In life the best is for the ones who are willing to work to attain the best. An excellent example of this is the African Gold mines. These mines are quite deep and often range up to two miles deep. People who are willing to invest and put in hard work to construct the mines turn out to be winners in the end. There are a number of challenges that the person might face in the construction of the Gold Mines, however, these mines are so lucrative that in the end, only the people who put in the hard work and commitment will see the fruits. Quoting the words of Oprah Winfrey, â€Å"The big secret in life is that there is no big secret. Whatever your goal, you can get there if you’re willing to work†. This I believe is an excellent saying and is the perfect to express the importance of Hard Work. I believe that there are two main reasons why a person needs to work hard. Firstly, I believe, hard work is essential to be able to get through the hard and trying times. As very rightly said by Napoleon Hill, â€Å"Do not wait; the time will never be "just right. Start where you stand, and work with whatever tools you may have at your command, and better tools will be found as you go along† (Khurana). A person who focuses on what they have and what they can do with it prove to be more successful and in control of their lives than others who complain and don’t try to put in efforts to get a job done. An excellent example, although a fiction, is seen in the movie Iron Man. Tony Stake the hero of the movie, builds Iron Man from scrap and hard work to get out of the place of the enemy. Although I know this is a fiction, but it is a positive aspect to be learnt from the film.

Starting and Developing a New Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Starting and Developing a New Venture - Essay Example Under these circumstances, entrepreneurship comes in handy. Investing in small businesses that do not require large amounts of capital is fits the entrepreneurs whose capital acquisition is limited. With more and more people getting engaged in the small business sector, their ability to meet the basic needs is strengthened as they wait for better opportunities to emerge. The small business sector is composed of many small independent firms that own a little market share. The small firms lack the capability of influencing prices within the market segment that they occupy. The firms in a small business sector lack formalities in their management structures. They are normally dominated by centralized management and individual decision making in the production process. Firms in a small business sector mainly operate on low capital and produce a limited number of products, targeting a narrow array of customers in the market (Nathaniel, 2008: 47). The small business sector is a derivative of entrepreneurship and innovation. Entrepreneurship is the process of undertaking the risk of obtaining goods and services at a particular cost and selling them at predicted prices. It is the process of combining many factors of production in the creation of new enterprises. Innovation is a change in product, service or the method of production and marketing, with the a im of improving competitiveness of a business in the market. The small business sector comes up to satisfy a particular demand existing in a particular locality. Innovative entrepreneurs identify the need for availing nonexistent products and services in the market. They may not be needed in large quantities, but they are essential in the market. A good example is where small scale dealers in spare parts complement the automobile industry in a particular area. Motor vehicle dealers may not

Health Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Health Economics - Essay Example However, as an industrial segment, this submarket appears to be shrinking the countries like the United States. Hence, increased competition appears to be the major problem of this submarket. Even some professional websites such as CompleteLongTermCare.com (2012) do not consider the present situation has arisen due to increased competition. Rather, shrinking submarket is giving way to malpractices. According to Yahoo! Inc. (2012), the long term care facilities have a composite value of 1148.9 as of 7th November, 2012. On this specific day, the amount of change was -0.26%, which means that the submarket is shrinking. If the data of past few years are analyzed, then we find that this submarket is shrinking since the global economic recession. Reduction of service costs coupled with deterioration of service quality is a prominent problem given that in absence of competent healthcare services, public are suffering from chronic shortcomings to the system as a whole. â€Å"There are nursing homes that are surprisingly cheaper than the others. They even offer great deals and promos which can sound too good to be true. No matter how good their deals may be, always remember that they are cheap for a reason. Some nursing homes cost less because they offer less.† (CompleteLongTermCare.com, 2012) Furthermore, a recent study by the US Department of Health and Human Services (n.d.) indicates that at least 10% of the patients (who get admitted to a nursing home annually) are possibly going to stay there for at least the next five years and more. Like Europe, America may also be soon suffering from the problem of a vast population of senior citizens and old age groups. Strangely enough, although demands for TLC are thus poised to increase, quality of services are being preponderantly compromised (Saltman et al, 2006) The proposals enumerated above will

People resourcing(HR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

People resourcing(HR) - Essay Example They are men and women who lead by example, team work, communication skills, and dedication. In the modern times, it is not enough to be highly skilful. One has to be adaptable to adjust with changes in technology and environment. The need for development of a strategic approach is correlative to the 'best fit, best practice' concept in management of human resource. Best fit is not simply use of the best man or woman for a particular job slot. It goes beyond to achieve the winning situation by harnessing the talents and skills of one employee for the purpose of achieving a specific target or goal. People sourcing align with the company's strategy and strategic human resource management has a stake in the company's performance and results. (Sandeep Krishnan and Manjari Singh). The importance of this approach is gaining ground as traditional management techniques based on 'one system fits all' approach is rapidly losing out in view of the frustration felt by both the management as well as the employees to fit into an outdated system which is no more suited for either. Instead, today the preference is for capability with communication skills. For instance, the capability of a particular employee may not be of very high order, but if his communication skills are noteworthy he may be the ideal choice to carry out a job, a project, or even a whole enterprise. ThModern day technology is designed to bring out the best even in the most mediocre individual provided he or she abides by the simple instructions codified as commands. The tremendous growth of information and communication technologies has exposed the new generation today to a system run efficiently with the help of sleek computers, printers, scanners and other gadgets which has left the system of the previous generation overwhelmed and on the throes of extinction. The system which was in vogue just a decade ago has been outpaced in terms of efficacy and communication methodologies. The present office scenario in most establishments, even in third world countries, presents an atmosphere of youthful exuberance blending with computer aided data systems in place. Handling men enjoins a host of activities and concepts. It has to do with operating, planning, control, research and development, and decision making. Indeed, the present age's requirement for 'best fit, best practice' approach is necessary in the highly competitive nature of doing work today. Even with

The effects of single Parenting in women House-Holds Essay Example for Free

The effects of single Parenting in women House-Holds Essay Abstract This essay focuses on the issue of single parenting as one of the most effective family problems. A single parent is a parent who lives with one or more children without the second parent it could be either a dad or a mom. Usually the definition of single parenting depends on the local laws throughout different states, but there are other circumstances as well that could lead to single parenting, for example if a parent is left alone after getting divorced, if one of the parent just leaves the family or the child, if one of the parent is put to the jail or dies. Sometimes the single parent might not be the real father or mother of the child, some people decide to adopt a child or become a parent through implantation of babies or just take care of a family member child, who was abandoned by his real parents. The household of a single parent is very different from a normal household. But all the circumstances are distinctive, some Parents decide to become single parents if they see a relationship is not going well or if they see there might be a lot of family problems that might affect the child, and some have to do it if something happens like the loss of a the second parent. There are a lot of negative effects about being a single parent. For example, making decisions can be really hard sometimes and most of the time parents need that second person there to be able to make the best decision that will benefit the child and the parent. Frequently single parents do not have sufficient time to do all the house work and this involves children from the early age in doing house jobs which takes time away from them to do school work or other things. Single parents have to tell most of house problems to a child which doesn’t not help the child, they have to discuss these problems like if the child was an adult. If the other parent is alive they have to make the arrangements to take the child either to the other parent’s house or to jail if the parent is in jail which is not good because the  child will not have a stable home life and this will cause confusion. Single parenting starts with the divorce of a couple who have children, with the loss of a parent abandonment of a child or many other reasons. Most of the parents that become single parents are women. Non-custodial fathers usually don’t have much connection with their children, and contribution usually declines as time goes by I have seen this a lot in my job since I work with children I have seen how some parents just forget about their children mostly the male parents forget about their kid and stops communicating with them . Since most single-parent households are females their income are less that of a man, this causes economic issues on the mother and the child has less opportunities on being involved in activities after school or sports. Economic limitations may limit growth improving experiences of a child. Even the children that their fathers pay their child support check that they’re obligated to pay monthly still see limitations on outside activities. But there are a lot of parents that do not pay their monthly child support checks to their children which makes it even harder for a single mother. A lot of children strongly dislike divorces because having the most important people in your life live separated affects their lives greatly. For some children, divorce is not something that they will forget about quickly, but it’s something that will affect them for the rest of their lives. This is a traumatic experience for the child because it leaves them feeling alone, as if nobody in the world cares about them. I have experienced this a lot as well in my job. I have a lot of children that seek for my attention a lot, and I also have a lot of children that call me â€Å"dad† because they don’t have the male figure in their family. Single parenting affects each child differently depending on the childs age which ranges in four stages; infants, young children, the elementary school age and teenagers. Infants and young children can feel abandoned by the decision of parents to get divorced. Most of them need to feel, hear, and see both parents in order to bond wi th their parents. This connection is important for the parent and child relationship later on in the childs life â€Å"is the challenge for school age children, who are learning to make things use tools, and acquire skills for the adult life, children who fail these lessons of mastery and competence may come out of this stage feeling inadequate and inferior† (Erikson 1950). Parenting is hard at this age  because this young child requires a lot of love, and attention from the parents if a children fails in a situation like this it’s hard for the children to receive support since the parent barely has time for the child. Single parents don’t have time to give the appropriate amount of love and attention because they are forced to work and take care of the home responsibilities alone and the parent becomes very stressed since they worry about their children getting adequate attention. Family organization has changed has changed a lot in the last fifty years according to the research done. With higher percentages of marriage ending in divorce single parent families are growing quickly. â€Å"Seventy percent of all the children will spend all or part of their lives in a single-parent household† (Lindblad-Goldberg, M. 1989). These studies show that the children of single parenting families are affected greatly in a negative way. Women head the majority of single- parent families and as a result, children experience many social problems from growing up without a father. Some of these problems include lack of financial support and various emotional problems by not having a father around, which may contribute to problems later in life. One of the problems that they might face are anger issues a lot of the male boys that I mentor have a lot of anger issues and I believe that the cause of these issues is the missing of the male figure which is a symbol of authority in the house. Today, most researchers state that both models were not quite correct and are still not correct now. During the years 1860-1920 the black immigrant families could not afford only one earner for the family and these ideals were appropriate only for white middle class families. By the year 1893 more and more women were taking up jobs an d the number of divorces increased. â€Å"In 1950 – about 22% families had both working parents, in 1980 – the number increased to 42 %† (Morgan, K. 1993) Since the year 1980 the divorce rates were twice as big as before. This means that about one-third of all children lived in single parent families or in adoptive families. The statistical studies at that time showed that 25 % of all families didn’t have children at all 25% of all families lived in couples 25% of families were headed by females 4 % of families were extended (Lindblad Goldberg, M.1989). We can come to a assumption that as well as the family principles were changing, the amount of single-parent families were changing too. If we were to count the number of single mothers in the  difference to single fathers â€Å"the ratio is nine to one† ( Ceballo, R., Borquez, J. 1994) that means that children in most cases are left with their mother instead of their fathers. In my job most of the times all I see are single young mothers instead of single fathers taking care of their children which prove this ratio. It is clear that mothers are regularly closer to thei r children and care more about their children, but there are some exceptions, but there are a lot of difficulties that single mothers have to face. The problems of income are extremely difficult for single mothers headed households. All low earnings money families have economic problems, but in cases of single mother parenting women have to raise their children on top of these issues. Studies showed that â€Å"about 50 % of all households in poverty were female-headed. It is not only because of low wages that women get, but mostly because of the lack of another earners in the family, as a result there are cases when children start to work early in order to help their mothers† (Amato, P. R. 1993). This affects children a lot when they have to go and work at an early age it affects their studies and it prevents them from doing any extracurricular activity after school or participate in any sports team. These studies demonstrate that the wages of women from single female-headed households and from two-parent households are similar, but women from single female-headed households had to take additional hours or even work more than one job to support the family. There is often a problem of single mothers among teenagers. Young girls are left with their kids and their fathers just disappear. Then there are a lot of problems connected not only with finance but many others as well.The financial situation is not that hard by African-American single mothers, as the percentage of their income to the whole income of the family was bigger, but they have little chance to receive any child support money or other state payments. About â€Å"25% of Spanish households in Los Angeles, California and Arizona were headed by women, about 17.3 % of Hispanic households also had a female head† (Morgan, K. 1993). To draw a conclusion to this part we should mention that the cases of female-headed households happen more often, the problems they face are lack of finances and the need to spend a lot more of time at work. Fathers make about 13% of single parents in the USA. Currently fathers are more used to take some female roles at home. They are more involved with their children and in house responsibilities. Before men were  primary caregivers, only some of them had to raise their c hildren alone due to the death of their wives. As men typically have higher positions at work they have greater earnings as well, so they rarely face the same economic complications that single women do. On the other hand fathers do not always prosper in finding common language with their children and the results are that children raised by a single father are more likely to start using drugs or developing drinking habits, or start early sexual life since fathers are more flexible. Even though there is a common belief that fathers are stricter than mothers, they are often not able to converse with their children as well as the mothers can do it. Sometimes father are disciplined themselves or are not organized, it is not surprising if they cannot help their children to develop such qualities. I have been studying one of my children’s dad and the children has taken a lot of bad traits from his dad because the dad is not a great example he is not disciplined himself. A good father could be a good example for his son, and a go od model of behavior. A lot of single mothers have problems with their children at some time of their lives because they lack the strong influence of a man. The ratio of young fathers is lower in comparison with teenager girls who have kids. In the twentieth century the number of female-headed households enlarged significantly among Latino, Asian and Other race households. It’s a statement that single families are not the Americans. The number of single parent households increased greatly in England and in Australia during 1990s. â€Å"In the UK lone-parents families formed about 3.3% of all households, the percentage of them in Australia was even higher – 7.6%.Talking about other countries we should mention: Belgium – 1.8 – 2.7 % Ireland – 2.8 % Luxemburg – 2.2 % Japan – 5.1 %† (Borquez, J. 1994). In all countries most of single parents are women. Such countries as Greece, Portugal and Italy have more conformist opinions about family disputes even t hough they have a lower percentage of single parent families. Raising a child alone without any help from a second parent is pretty hard and a stressful experience, single parents have to put in a lot of work in order to follow an organized schedule that helps the parent as well as the child. The parents depend on many factors and have more responsibilities for their children. Being a single parent does not mean that a person should separate themselves from the whole world and isolate themselves with their complications and  problems. They should look for help provided by the government and any support that their family might provide. Single parents should never be embarrassed and they should never let their self-importance make complications for the support they can get from other people. If there is a lot of support from family members, friends or organizations it will be easier for the single parent to cope with all the problems. There are numerous areas where single parents need solid support from their friends, Family, or organizations. Throughout this paper we discussed the effects of single parenting. The effects that a child faces and the effects that a parent faces as a single parent are difficult. Both the child and the parent go through tough situations and difficulties that affect their lives greatly. There are some positive outcomes that come out from single parenting but there are more negative outcomes than positive outcomes. I have seen all of the negative outcomes in my job, I have experienced all of these things and all most of them are true children that come from single parenting families tend to have a lot of difficulties and problems in their lives, but these problems could diminish with good mentorship, and good support from other family members. References Amato, P. R. (1993). â€Å"Children’s adjustment to divorce: Theories, hypotheses, and empirical support.† Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 23-58. Bogenschneider, K., Kaplan, T., Morgan, K. (1993). â€Å"Single parenthood and children’s well-being.† Wisconsin Family Impact Seminars Briefing Report. Combrink-Graham (Ed.) Children in family contexts. New York: Guildford. Erikson, E.H. (1950). The Developmental stage of Erik Erikson. New York: Norton. Carole Wade. Carole Tavris. Tenth Edition Grossman, A. S., Hayghe, H. (1982). â€Å"Labor force activity of women receiving child support or alimony.† Monthly Labor Review, 105, 39-41. McLoyd, V. C., Jayaratne, T. E., Ceballo, R., Borquez, J. (1994). â€Å"Unemployment and work interruption among African American single mothers: Effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning.† Child Development, 65, 562-589. Lindblad-Goldberg, M. (1989). â€Å"Successful minority single-p arent families.† In L. Combrink-Graham (Ed.) Children in family contexts. New York: Guildford.

Supply Chain Risk Management

Supply Chain Risk Management A global supply chain is subject to various types of supply and demand uncertainties existing at different nodes of the supply chain giving rise to a variety of risks that can lead to disruption. Companies that stay on top of supply chain risk make their businesses more resilient. They can enhance the companys competitive position, support growth and produce measurable returns. Many companies have recognized this and are now undertaking supply chain risk management programs This research paper reviews published approaches to supply chain risk management and tries to understand how the risks differ in two major industries-electronics and pharmaceuticals. For managers, it provides knowledge of the types of risks that may be present in their supply chain and presents a variety of strategies for identifying and managing the same. Introduction Globalisation, multiple channels to market, the pressure to run lean supply chains extending beyond traditional organisational boundaries, and the need to embrace external parties such as contract manufacturers and logistics service providers, have left the modern supply chain increasingly vulnerable to risk and to possible disruption. Economic disruptions including currency fluctuations, commodity price volatility, and sudden downturns in demand and ownership or investment restrictions imposed by governments have become more frequent and more visible since the financial crisis of 2008. Despite significant growth in international trade, cross-border movements are vulnerable to customs regimes, tariff and non-tariff barriers, quota systems, security concerns and infrastructure bottlenecks. All these risks can be clubbed into- macroeconomic, extended value chain, operational and functional risks. Almost two-thirds of the respondents to a global survey conducted by Mckinsey consisting of executives, say that the risks to their supply chain have increased over the past years. A significant of them also agreed to the fact their companies dont take any steps to mitigate these risks. (Source: September 2006 Mckinsey Quarterly global survey of business executives) Thus there is a clear need to review risk management practices as they pertain to both long-term strategic and short-term tactical decision-making. Organizations should review their risk exposure against objective, transparent criteria, with costs balanced against the benefits of potential methods for mitigating risk. . There are two sides to supply chain risk management: Risk assessment and mitigation Response to supply chain disruption Both are necessary components to an effective supply chain risk management strategy. With strong risk mitigation strategies in place a company is ready to face a given supply chain event. However, not all events may be anticipated. When these events occur, accompany must be prepared to respond quickly and effectively or risk suffering financial and customer service losses. Both the quantitative and qualitative risks will be covered through this paper. A step by step approach to tackle SCRM is proposed:- Assessing risk To assess risk, an inventory of key risks is build, along with the effects and probabilistic likelihood of each risk. A supply chain probability and impact matrix needs to be built. Designing a framework to manage the supply chain Once assessed, supply chain risks need to be managed via a framework that integrates all the key risk capabilities required. Implementing supply chain risk mitigation Companies need a robust action plan funded with the appropriate resources to address the core of the risk issues and implement treatment. The objective of this paper is to propose a comprehensive risk management and mitigation model for global supply chains. The model is intended to equip managers with a step-by-step procedure to identify, assess, and manage risks in their global supply chains, and guide future research. The paper reviews various risk mitigation techniques proposed in different papers in this subject and tries to understand its significance in the electronics and pharmaceutical industry. Literature Review Manuj and Mentzer (2008) say that due to demanding customers and competitive pressures, businesses today are restructuring themselves to operate on a global basis to take advantage of the international product, factor, and capital markets. There are several concerns in operating globally, including economic, political, logistical, competitive, cultural, and infrastructure. Typically, a firm operating internationally is part of a complex supply chain. Global supply chains require highly coordinated flows of goods, services, information, and cash within and across national boundaries. Maximizing profits in a multi-national environment include sourcing from locations that offer the lowest total procurement cost, manufacturing and assembling products in least cost countries, and marketing in high potential demand centres. But Wright and Datskovska (2012) are of the opinion that through lean processes and the geographical concentration of production, most executives would probably say tha t their supply chains and transport networks have become more efficient. These advances in efficiency, however, have also changed the risk profile for their supply chains. Janat Shah (2009) proclaims that lean techniques have created chains with longer paths and shorter clock speeds resulting in more opportunities for disruption and a smaller margin for error for a disruption to take place. Lengthy supply chains are increasingly proving to be a source of concern in the face of disruptions in sourcing, production and distribution of goods and services. As a result, many organizations need to take a hard look at supply chain risk and to review their plans and procedures for dealing with a broad range of new contingencies. Supply chain risk classification Wagner and Bode (2008) describes a supply chain risk as the combination of (1) an unintended, anomalous triggering event that materializes somewhere in the supply chain or its environment, and (2) a consequential situation which significantly threatens normal business operations of the firms in the supply chain. We can describe a five step approach to supply chain risk management- Risk Identification, Risk Assessment and Evaluation, Selection of Appropriate Risk Management, Implementation of Supply Chain Risk Management Strategy and Mitigation of Supply Chain Risk. Different authors have described various classifications of risk sources. Various supply chain risks can be divided as Supply, Operational, Demand, Security, Macro, Policy, Competitive and Resource risks. Chopra and Sodhi (2004) classify them as Disruption, Delay, Forecast, Systems, IP, Procurement, Receivables, Inventory and Capacity risks. Juttner, Peck and Christopher (2004) simplifies the classification to environmenta l risk sources, network-related risk sources and organisational risk sources. Risk assessment Pramod Kumar Mishra (2011) says that decisions on supply risks can be taken only when the impact of risks on the companys business can be evaluated. This can be quantitative or qualitative depending on the resources available. Risk assessment involves exploring what if scenarios like those below can help groups identify, understand and prioritize risks, a key prerequisite to tailoring effective risk-mitigation strategies. Manuj talks of two methods-probabilistic choice and risk analysis methods depending on the repeatability of events. Janat Shah has described constructing a probability and impact matrix to assess risk. Historical data may be used to understand the behaviour of risk probability distributions. However, there are many instances when there is none, inadequate, or unreliable historical data. In such cases, techniques such as the Delphi method may be used to assign probabilities. But Iyer(2008) says that this exercise is challenging because the relationships between risk factors are not static. One decision or risk factor may impact other risk factors. Risk mitigation Risk management is focused on identifying and assessing the probabilities and consequences of risks, and selecting appropriate risk strategies to reduce the probability of, or losses associated with, adverse events. Basically risk mitigation strategies can be classified primarily into seven categories: avoidance, postponement, speculation, hedging, control, sharing/transferring, and security. Hult, Craighead and Ketchen (2010) have suggested real options based method. Janat Shah has created a matrix with investment required for mitigation and risk score as the axis to decide the mitigation plan. Juttner, Peck and Christopher (2004) in there paper have defined an approach based on avoidance, control, cooperation and flexibility. Avoidance is through dropping product lines, markets, supplier or partners. They define a control approach through increasing stockpiling and buffer inventory, maintaining excess capacity and imposing contractual obligations. Cooperation is mentioned to be thr ough joint efforts in information sharing and preparing continuity plans. Flexibility can be through multiple sourcing and localised sourcing. Blos, Wee and Yang (2009) have devised a framework based on business continuity planning. Depending on the demand and supply uncertainty, the authors have also defined a matrix aligning the strategic objectives of the firm with the supply chain objective and the mitigation plan to be followed. An efficient, responsive, risk hedging and agile supply chain each have different plans. There are also devised methods for continous risk monitoring-stress testing and Tailoring Risk Management approaches. Trade-off The biggest challenge companies face is mitigating supply-chain risks without eroding profits. Juttner, Peck and Christopher (2004) summarised the trade-off decision as (1) Repeatability versus unpredictability, ie trading the benefits of repeatable processes against the cost of a lack of flexibility; (2) the lowest bidder versus the known supplier; (3) centralisation versus dispersion decisions in production and distribution; (4) collaboration versus secrecy, ie while sharing more information on e.g. the results of risk audits would better place organisations to manage supply chain risks, it could also deter potential customers or weaken the bargaining position; (5) redundancy versus efficiency, ie managing the conflict between excess capacity in a supply chain and the efficiency-focused lean paradigm aiming at the elimination or reduction of waste. A final, maybe paramount supply chain trade-off decision is between managing risk and delivering value. This is the trade-off between t he extra costs related to most of the mitigating strategies and the total costs of supply as a main principle of contemporary supply chain management. Risks in Pharmaceutical industry Enyinda, Mbah, Ogbuehi (2010) reports on the empirical findings of the quantification of risks that decision makers consider most important when deciding on a risk portfolio to mitigate and the manner in which risks are prioritized according to their importance in the pharmaceutical sector. The empirical findings suggest that decision makers attached great importance to counterfeit, Food and Drugs Board, and exchange-rate fluctuations. With respect to risk-mitigation strategies, risk reduction is considered most important, followed by risk avoidance. Dynamic sensitivity analysis with respect to a change (increase) in the Food and Drugs Board did not result in any change in the ranking of risk policy options, while a change (increase) in counterfeit resulted in a change in the ranking between risk reduction and risk avoidance. Risk avoidance ranked number one, followed by risk reduction. The paper leverages the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to quantify risk mitigation. Greg Brandyberry (2010) reports five important trends in risk management practices in the pharmaceutical industry. Sensible cash-flow management: With the changing environment of increased regulation, price controls, generic-drug competition, and longer and more expensive research and development cycles, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have become much more focused on supply-chain cash-flow management strategies (following the lead of other industries that began implementing these strategies as many as 25 years ago). These strategies consist of a combination of programs that strive to better balance cash inflows versus cash outflows. Better balance of low cost versus low risk. Global supply chains have been under development across pharmaceutical industry since decades. Outsourcing, combined with low-cost country sourcing, is even riskier. The US Food and Drug Administrations recall of heparin in 2008 due to contamination of lots produced in China is another example. In this heparin recall, the drug was oversulfated as Chinese heparin manufacturers were unethically cutting the medication with chondroitin sulfate to cut down on manufacturing costs. This incident had devastating impacts on those who had chosen to use this Chinese supplier. FDA reported that there were hundreds of serious adverse reactions and scores of deaths among patients that had taken the heparin (2). The hard lessons learned from this incident have made it important for companies to revaluate their low-cost country sourcing strategies. They are evaluating risk versus cost and rebalancing their supply strategies to less riskier profiles. Comprehensive strategic-procurement initiatives Strategic sourcing is a pragmatic and structured procurement process. This process is conducted over several steps and includes: rigorous internal and external analysis; development of multiple strategic options weighted for risk and cost; strategy selection made collaboratively with business stakeholders; well-orchestrated negotiation; and detailed implementation planning, supplier selection, and ongoing supplier management, including continuous-improvement activities. Sustainability When it comes to embracing sustainability and green behaviour in manufacturing and product specifications, several large corporations such as GlaxoSmithKline (London), Proctor Gamble (Cincinnati), Diageo (London), and Unilever (London) achieved material cost savings, enhanced brand image, and generated increased demand for their products through innovative changes in primary and secondary packaging components. Risk in electronics industry Frank Zwibler and Marco Hermann (2012) have suggested that most supply chains in the electronics industry are global networks consisting of a single OEM, an A-supplier, and several small and medium supply companies (SME). These networks are characterized, firstly, by the dominance of the OEM or the A-supplier and, secondly, by the volatile electronics market and its strong fluctuations in demand, short product life cycles, and tremendous potential for technical innovation. Supply chain mapping, brain-writing method and stress, resilience and expense portfolio have been described as successive steps of risk identification. The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) technique has been used for risk assessment. After assessing the different parameters, the so-called risk priority number (RPN) can be determined. Risk measures to control are similar to earlier described mitigation plans. Sodhi(2005) has outlined a process to manage this risk by suggesting two risk measures for demand- a nd inventory-related risk respectively and two linear-programming (LP) models: one for allocating the plants replenishment schedule among the customers and the other to guide the request to plants for replenishment over the horizon. Research lacunae There is an immense need for action in industry to implement supply chain risk management systems. Each industry differs in their management of supply chain risks. Not only that supply chain risk management is not evenly applied throughout the different sectors, there are also great differences in the use and the implementation of supply chain risk management. A study comparing sector wise supply chain risk management is of immense scope. Research Methodology Mainly secondary research from peer reviewed journals, articles, websites and proceeds. Analysis The supply chain risk management process can be summarised as Figure : Supply Chain Risk Management Framework Electronics Industry More than ever before, electronics manufacturers are facing harsh realities. With further dismantling of trade barriers, globalization is now enabling companies to enter new markets each with its own standards and regulations creating fragmented product lines and distributed networks of suppliers and vendors. Product innovation is receiving greater emphasis as global competitors turn up the heat and product lifecycles continue to shrink. The entire nature of demand has changed, placing traditional forecasting weak. The fact is, long-range planning and demand forecasting are increasingly and inherently losing their ability to guide manufacturers as the recent inventory crisis in electronics showed all too clearly. With the introduction of partners such as electronics manufacturing services (EMS) providers, component suppliers and distributors, original design manufacturers (ODMs), contract design manufacturers (CDMs), and other participants, it becomes more challenging to control that network of suppliers. Although original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) still have direct design relationships with the semiconductor. Suppliers, the purchasing relationship comes about through the OEMs partners, making inventory ownership ambiguous, blurring inventory visibility across the supply chain, and creating unstructured processes among partners for managing supply chain execution. Figure Electronics Supply Chain (Source: QAD White Paper: Successful Risk Management in the Electronics Supply Chain) Critical risks Inventory Risk This is the greatest risk for supply chains getting caught holding inventory when a product becomes obsolete or demand shifts unexpectedly. With the highly volatile demand of electronics manufacturing, companies that rely heavily on demand-forecast accuracy face unnecessary inventory risks. Supply-Interruption Risk Conversely, no company wants to experience materials shortages that impact their ability to supply finished product to their customers. Supply interruptions are the ultimate opportunity cost for manufacturers. Capacity Risk In the cyclical electronics industry, most profits arise from new orders during a peak cycle coinciding with price premiums. Too little capacity presents significant opportunity costs. Conversely, excess capacity can negate the profits gained in the peak period. (Frank Zwibler and Marco Hermann (2010)) Risk Mitigation Inventory Visibility Faster Information Lead Times Sales and Operations Planning Managing Key Performance Indicators Managing Inter-Enterprise Business Processes Lean Manufacturing Service and Support Management An IT backbone enabling Supporting a pull-based manufacturing and replenishment environment Achieving inventory visibility across fragmented supply chains including multiple tiers and component suppliers and contract manufacturers Minimizing supply interruptions by reducing information lead time Comprehensive sales and operations planning (SOP) to optimize inventory at various points in the supply chain Monitoring supply chain KPIs including supplier and contract performance Managing outsourcing operations Supporting lean manufacturing and lean supply chain strategies Creating aggregated supply plans to drive strategic sourcing This ability to assess the impact and exposure from sources of risk made a big difference to the fortunes of Nokia and Ericsson, which were leading cell phone vendors in 2000. In March 2000, a fire broke out at their common supplier Phillips NVs semiconductor plant in New Mexico, forcing the plant to remain shut down for several months. The difference in outcomes between the two companies was dramatic-Nokia came out of the disruption stronger and gained market share, while a substantially weakened Ericsson lost more than à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬400 million that year and ultimately exited the cell phone market in 2001. This difference was primarily due to Nokias comprehensive supply chain risk management program, which helped the company immediately-and accurately-estimate the impact of the shutdown on its business, and then react accordingly. Nokia switched orders to other Phillips plants and to Japanese and American suppliers, and redesigned chips to reduce its reliance on Phillips products. By comparison, Ericsson was unable to assess the potential impact of the fire on its business and could not respond quickly to the incident. Pharmaceutical Industry Figure : Pharmaceuticals Supply Chain (Source: Chartered Quality Institute Guide) Critical Risks Counterfeit Drugs As pharmaceutical supply chains worldwide continue to experience increased risk levels, led by counterfeit risk, the WHO reports (1998) that 10% of all drugs distributed worldwide are counterfeits, with a disproportionate 60% rate in the developing countries. Pharmaceutical counterfeits can impose tremendous costs on both the pharmaceutical industry and patient safety. The costs through the actions of counterfeiters and diverters include more sick patients, loss of life, erosion of public health confidence, loss of brand image, reduced profit and reduced shareholder value. These costs are compounded by the costs of product recalls and the growing threat of counterfeiting and diversion. Compromised or untrustworthy drug value chains can create uncertainty , decrease investment, and decrease in research and development. Food and Drugs Board Compliance norms for pharmaceuticals can make or break a drug. Regulators are becoming much stricter about quality issues, increasing the size and frequency of mandatory product recalls. The number of drug recalls by the FDA increased by more than 28 percent in 2009 to 2010, for example Exchange-rate fluctuations Foreign exchange rates can fluctuate dramatically over the course of a supply agreement and it is important to consider their impact upfront. Clinical trial risk This is a risk specific to the pharma supply chain arising as a result of the drug development process. The empirical findings from Enyindas research using Saatis AHP indicate that counterfeit risk (0.453) is considered more important, followed by FDB (0.264), exchange rate (0.112) and other risks. This helps in inferring the ranking of the risks in the sequence presented above. Risk mitigation for Counterfeits Usage of technology is the only means to curb the menace of counterfeit drugs. Sophisticated pack design and labelling using special inks Holograms Tags and tamper-evident seals Field agents actively investigating instances of counterfeit product Consumer Awareness Programs Enyinda Szmerekovsky(2010) have proposed that U.S. pharmaceutical firms must turn to SR supply chain to better track and trace prescription drugs. And the key enabler to SR supply chain is RFID technology that has been touted as the holy grail. Because of the significant promise that RFID has, FDA recommended its adoption by the pharmaceutical industry in order to achieve and meet the electronic pedigree requirement and compliance. Effective risk management requires the ability of the decision maker to rank and prioritize a portfolio of risk factors involved in the supply chain. Managing the risk throughout the supply chain now means taking a systemic view. The goal is to build a system that can detect and work around any major supply-chain weaknesses. Discussion Hypothesis H0: All industries face similar supply chin risks. H1 :All findustries do not face same supply chain risks. Analysis of the risks shows that each of the industrys pharmaceuticals and electronics has critical risks which are quite unique to it in the case of the former. Firstly, Counterfeit risks are an inherent risk in the pharmaceutical sector with irreparable damage and life threatening implication as a result. This can tarnish the company with a huge blow to its brand and spoil its top line in the short term. They have a higher potential of damage to the company in terms of plausible revenue losses because of the inseparability in their appearance as compared to the original. This is not the same case with electronics where, there are ample amount of duplicates in the market but their appearance and performance can be easily scrutinized to arrive at a decision to buy. And they rarely have life threatening consequences. Secondly, pharmaceutical industry is controlled by the FDA who is a strict watchdog of the practices in the industry. New drugs receive extensive scrutiny before FDA approval in a process called a New Drug Application or NDA. The FDA reviews and regulates prescription drug advertising and promotion. After approval of an NDA, the sponsor must review and report to the FDA every patient adverse drug experience of which it learns. In electronics there is CEA, but they are not that a controllable authority as that FDA puts on pharmaceuticals. Thirdly, clinical trials done during drug development are very unique to the pharmaceutical research developing new drugs. Thus these particular risks are not a part of electronics industry and the generalised risk framework wont do for the same.They require specialised risk mitigation plans as discussed. Conclusion and Managerial Implications Supply Chain risk management will be a key success factor for companies in a globalized world if they have implemented a risk management process in their organizational structure. We have briefly reviewed several published literatures on supply chain risks. An effort has been made to define critical risks followed by its classification for electronics and the pharmaceutical industry. Several models of risk assessment from published sources have been reviewed .After this, several strategies of risk management is being presented. Supply chain risk management is thus a growing and challenging area with lot of research potential to be explored further. A future research scope would be to quantify the impact of various risks on each industry through primary research. Both pharmaceutical and electronic supply-chain risks are often related to a lack of information visibility or deviations in the information and physical flows from upstream to downstream, increased knowledge of essential risk management procedures and structures can significantly improve the ability of decision makers in implementing appropriate mitigation treatments for identifiable risk portfolios.

Eâ€commerce and management information system

E–commerce and management information system Question This report is based around an in depth critical appraisal of the use of information systems by an organisation of my choice. Choose an organisation Research the activities of the organisation and how it makes use of information systems to help it undertake these activities Critique its use of information systems Provide recommendations for the future use of information system by the organisation. Dr Ger (2010). Individual Assignment, from S708. E Commerce and Management Information System. London College of Business on April, 2010. Available from : Blackboard.( Access o 08/04/10) Answer Background to organisation My chosen organisation is Metropole College. Metropole College Ltd, trading as Metropole Learning is a private company, limited by guarantee. It was established in 1994 and started delivering government funded provision in January 2000, offering Basic Employability Training. In 2001, Metropole Learning started delivering contracts for the Employment Services now (JobcentrePlus) in Basic Employability Training (ESOL and Literacy). In 2003, they started delivering a range of workforce development, this had made the organisation to grow, and this growth continues today. The companys future plan is expand the current delivery and to also to offer teacher training for the new staff. http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history Services The company render services ( in the area of lifelong learning sector) that are designed to enable adults to get closer to the labour market and to help these learners to maintained/sustained employment by given them long time support at work. They offer the following courses; ESOL, Literacy, Employability, Information Technology (IT/Computer) and give support or assistant in the following areas; Individual Learning Support, Information, Advice and Guidance (I.A.G). http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/our-services The companys services is actually in two sections Pre Employability Post Employability Pre Employability services: here the company help and give support to the learners by improving their language. Their speaking, listening, reading and writing skills are improved through ESOL course. They also improve their employability skills in order to put them on the labour ladder. The learners achieve these skills through employability and IT/computer courses. http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/pre-employability Post Employability services: metropole provides work based, and flexible learning solution for employed people. http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/post-employability Aim and objective of Metropole College The ultimate goal of the company is to support the learners into sustained employment. http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history Bibliography Metropole College (n.d) Our History. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history Metropole College (n.d) Pre Employability. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/post-employability (Accessed on 07/04/10) Metropole College (n.d) Pre Employability. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/pre-employability (Accessed on 07/04/10) Metropole College (n.d) Our services. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/our-services (Accessed on 07/04/10) Metropole College (n.d) Our History. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history (Accessed on 07/04/10)

Free College Admissions Essays: I Look Great in Ivy! :: College Admissions Essays

I Look Great in Ivy! Â   Discovering and choosing a university that fulfills all of my needs was a rigorous yet exciting task. The Ivy U clearly emerged as the best choice for me and I, as a great match for the university. After visiting the campus, reading the information pamphlet, and researching the university Web site, I realize that Ivy offers what I hope to gain from my college experience. In return, I will contribute to the university as a person with leadership qualities who takes initiative and enjoys participating in school events. Â   For many years, I have wanted to become a midwife, and the Ivy School of Nursing stands out as the premium institution for such training. The university's close proximity to many hospitals will familiarize me with patients and hospital life, allowing me the best training possible. Â   As an individual, I will thrive in the intimate and familiar environment of the nursing school, one of Ivy's smallest schools. Coming from a small high school, I was greatly impressed by my visit to the campus, where I noticed the close relationships between the professors and students, and the strong family feeling within the nursing school. Â   The location of Ivy's nursing school within the large campus of Ivy's other schools offers myriad benefits. Firstly, I will have the opportunity to take classes in any of the other schools at Ivy, and this seamless academic integration will allow me to pursue my interests outside of nursing. Â   In addition to academic breadth, there are a greater variety of extra-curricular activities available on the larger campus. I am excited about continuing my interests in sports and theater. I have played on my high school's varsity volleyball team for two years and I plan to play volleyball throughout college in Ivy's women's club volleyball. I also performed in The Sound of Music in high school and the Teatron will allow me to actively participate in theater. Â   As president of the student council, I have always promoted school spirit, and I intend to continue my enthusiastic involvement throughout my college career. My school places a large emphasis on test grades and homework, creating a serious mood throughout the school. As president, I have tried to enrich the school experience by planning events such as school lunches and interesting field trips.

Relationships in Potoks The Chosen Essay -- Potok The Chosen Relation

In The Chosen, Potok describes the Jewish culture during the period of World War I. Beginning with the affluence of Polish Jews before the war, Potok established a circle of relationships. In the book, there are three main relationships. The first one is father-son, between Danny and his father, Reb Saunders and between Reuven and his father, David Malter. The relationship between Reuven and Danny is the second main relationship in The Chosen. The third main relationship is Hasidism verses Zionism. The relationship between the two fathers and the two sons is a very important theme in this book. Because of their different backgrounds, Reb Saunders and David Malters approached raising a child from two totally different perspectives. Despite the obvious differences in the two men’s beliefs, both did what they thought was right for their sons. Reb Saunders was a Hasidic tzaddik and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. He raised Danny in silence, hoping to teach him to listen to silence, to learn compassion, and to develop a soul to go with his mind. Unless it had to do with religious studies, Reb never had an actual conversation with Danny after the age of 3. Reb wanted Danny to find things out for himself. On the other hand, Reuven’s father, Mr. Malters, felt it very important that he had good and frequent communication between himself and his son. The two would sometimes talk for hours about life, different religions, friends and anything else Reuven woul d want to ...

John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay -- Essays Papers

Of Mice and Men Similarities and Differences Between George and Lennie John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men concerns and unlikely couple who travel about the country searching for work. Throughout the novel, characteristics of important people are similar yet different. George Milton and Lennie Small are two characters that have many differences physically, but many similarities mentally. Initially, George Milton is a kind, short and trustworthy companion of Lennie. George travels with Lennie and helps him to survive although Lennie is more of a burden than a help. Before Aunt Clara dies, she places the trust of her only relative in the hands of George. George protects Lennie in many parts of the story by creating a reason for Leenie not to leave, such as; â€Å" Somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself† (13). George often insults Lennie and â€Å"gives him hell† (87) but he doesn’t really mean it. Although he often talks about how much better off he could be without Lennie, George secretly relies on Lennie. When Lennie offers to leave, George virtually pleads with him to stay by saying, â€Å"I was jus’ foolin’† (13) This is because George depends on Lennie to a certain extent for his unconditional friendship. George has two important characteristics which are pointed out within the novel. His friendl iness is immediately present as he makes friends with Candy, Carlson, Slim, and the other ranch hands. George is also intelligent . He expresses his desire to be diff... John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men Essay -- Essays Papers Of Mice and Men Similarities and Differences Between George and Lennie John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men concerns and unlikely couple who travel about the country searching for work. Throughout the novel, characteristics of important people are similar yet different. George Milton and Lennie Small are two characters that have many differences physically, but many similarities mentally. Initially, George Milton is a kind, short and trustworthy companion of Lennie. George travels with Lennie and helps him to survive although Lennie is more of a burden than a help. Before Aunt Clara dies, she places the trust of her only relative in the hands of George. George protects Lennie in many parts of the story by creating a reason for Leenie not to leave, such as; â€Å" Somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself† (13). George often insults Lennie and â€Å"gives him hell† (87) but he doesn’t really mean it. Although he often talks about how much better off he could be without Lennie, George secretly relies on Lennie. When Lennie offers to leave, George virtually pleads with him to stay by saying, â€Å"I was jus’ foolin’† (13) This is because George depends on Lennie to a certain extent for his unconditional friendship. George has two important characteristics which are pointed out within the novel. His friendl iness is immediately present as he makes friends with Candy, Carlson, Slim, and the other ranch hands. George is also intelligent . He expresses his desire to be diff...

Ethics and Technology Essay

The biggest limitation of our existing system is its inherent inability to achieve its fundamental goal. Whatever happened to the dream of progress that modern technology would free people from drudgery, and everyone would be able to live in comfort, spending their time enriching the world and thinking great thoughts? Wasn’t that what we really set out to achieve? Toward that goal, we can now make virtually any region of the earth comfortably habitable. We can produce food and clothing in staggering quantities, at unbelievable rates of production, using very little labor in proportion to the output. We have greatly extended the life span of our species, and we know how to cure or eliminate the suffering of a great range of diseases. We can communicate around the globe in less time than it takes to hear the voice of someone across a room. An interesting question to consider is this: if the technology necessary to live this way really could be developed, would it result in such a society? Starting from our present society, I would say â€Å"absolutely not. † The technology that could easily feed the world would probably result in mass starvation. The competitive system can produce the tools we need to create a future of freedom and enlightenment, but unless the system evolves, it will work against our using those tools to the benefit of humanity. The system must evolve. We’re not spreading the benefits of advancing technology, we’re using it to exclude more and more people from the fruits of progress. Instead of laying off the â€Å"excess† workers and increasing the stress on those left behind, consider what would happen if we simply reduced the burden on everyone. We don’t need to throw out our traditions of free enterprise and individual responsibility. We just need to revisit our vision of progress and see where we want to go, and where we’re heading. Not all technology is hampering the society’s progress. Technology was developed to ease man’s work and provide him with a little help . It wasn’t invented so that we could just copy and paste an essay for our next paper, or download a ready made presentation from the internet or make google do all things for us. The web is what you make of it, you can’t blame technology for ruining your work ethics. It’s you who’s become super lazy and dependent I am from a time when technology is called â€Å"progress† and it was considered heretical to doubt its benefits. We tend to forget the years before antibiotics when people died from pneumonia and infections. We take for granted the warnings about kidney failure, liver damage and replacement therapy for intestinal flora that accompany today’s â€Å"bigger and better† medications. Technology has made our lives very easy, but it turn, has made us lazy. I believe that if we continue to make and improve technology, there can be some really useful inventions. However, we can make sure that the improvements don’t make us lazy, in very simple ways. We can ask ourselves, does this pen that writes down our thoughts and tells us how to spell correctly really need to be in everyone’s daily lives? Technology moves at a pace that can easily outrun ethical standards surrounding its use. The effects of technology on work ethics move at a similar pace with employers moving to establish ethical boundaries that seem to infringe on employee privacy rights and restrict communication abilities. These tactics have led to courtroom battles, quick job terminations and complaints filed with the National Labor Relations Board. Special Purpose: To inform my audience of the negative effects by becoming too dependent on technology. Central Idea: By becoming too dependent on technology will give negative effects to our education, behavior and economic. Introduction– According to study conducted by a company called McCan Worldgroup, young people are obsessed with their technology until the point that they would rather lose one of their most important sense than to lose Facebook, the internet and their cell phones. â€Å"To them, losing the ability to explore and communicate via technology would be like a blind man losing his stick†. According to Oxford dictionary, technology means machinery or equipment developed from scientific knowledge. Do you realized how much we depend on technology?

Physics Projectile Motion

doLab throng 4 go out10/26/2011 functionners Kayla Stephens, Robin Poole, Megan McIlvoy path Instructor JPS NameLab Group 4 Date10/26/2011 Partners Kayla Stephens, Robin Poole, Megan McIlvoy Grade Instructor JPS physical science I Laboratory Worksheet Lab 4 Projectile Motion Objectives Using a rocket salad hoagie on an cant over plane, calculate the amphetamine of the sword nut case at ten different distances, thus dominate the average velocity. In revision to find the velocity of the marque stumblebum 2 different equivalences are needed.In order to find the velocity of the trade name ball fired from the projectile artillery on an escaped plane, the first comparability must be manipulated and substituted into the second equation. wherefore use the average velocity to peg plenty the distance of a projectile existence released at a different angle. physical science Principles * Converting from centimeters to meters * Trigonometric functions * Quadratic form ulax=-bb2-4ac2a * Know how to get the derived formulaMaterials require * Projectile munition * Projectile * bend piece * Carbon paper * 4 sheets of rhythmical effect paper * taping Mea trusted * Calculator * Pen * notebook computer paper Pre-Lab exercise Using the two formulas solve forv0. Equation 1 x= v0xt(vox=v0cos? ) x=v0cos? (t) t=xv0cos? Equation 2 y= y0+v0yt-12gt2(v0y=v0sin? ) y= y0+v0sin? xv0cos? -12gxv0cos? 2 y= y0+xsin? cos? -12gx2v02cos2? Procedure 1. Tape 4 sheets of carbon copy paper together portrayal style, end to end.Tape 4 sheets of printing paper using the same depicting style. Then tape 4 sheets of regular printing paper behind the carbon paper. Make sure to adjust the loafer edge of the taped sheets so that the lav touches the ground. 2. Next, assemble the projectile gun with the incline plane. The angle of the incline plane was rigid at 35 degrees and suffer sure the wing is secure so that it result not slip. 3. Test fire the projectile gun and re cord the distance in centimeters using the tape measure.This distance is utilize to determine how far the gun shoots the steel ball and will be utilize in the actual experiment. 4. Aim the projectile gun at the carbon paper, make sure you measure the distance from the steel ball to the ground. burning the projectile gun at the paper and write eat the number 1 next to the vertex where the ball hit. 5. later the first torpedo you can move the projectile gun backwards or forwards, depending on your decision. Fire the projectile gun and write down the number 2 for the second point. reverberate this step 8 more generation and record the results on a table. 6. After all ten trials have been realised take down the printing paper sheet and measure how far between from where the bottom was to each point of middleman made with the projectile gun. 7. Use the equation v0=12gx2cos2? xtan? -y-y0 on each trial to find the velocity. Then find the average velocity for all ten trials. Carbo n radical Carbon Paper Projectile catalyst Projectile Gun Results Results Conclusion For Part I,

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Marijuana is actually a safer alternative.Alternately, the American Medical Association (AMA) does not support smoked marijuana as medicine (1995-2013).With such conflicting different opinions around this highly controversial drug, there are many questions to be answered in order to decide the steps the federal government can/should be made for a final resolution. Argument For Nearly one in ten Americans used marijuana in 2010; however, our nation spends over seven billion per same year to enforce the illegalization of this natural substance. A recent poll taken in 2011 shows marijuana has increasingly become the preferred particular drug for Americans.Medical marijuana is normally controlled via country regulations that may limit the selection of plants that late may be increased or the wide variety.Dr. Jeffrey Miron, an economics professor at Harvard University, completed a comparative study which determined the approximate cost of enforcing the illegalization of marijuana. The report estimates legalizing marijuana would save, â€Å"$7. 7 billion per year in government expenditure on enforcement of prohibition.

Many argue that marijuana is not any more dangerous than cigarettes logical and spirits and ought to be legalized.). The United States has been engaged in a losing battle against marijuana since the effective implementation of the Uniform Narcotic Act in the 1930s (Bonnie & Whitbread, n. d). We are not only wasting $7.So why Marijuana old has to be penalized.2 billion if it were taxed like alcohol or tobacco† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). Marijuana is not addictive and has a stark contrast of addictive properties when pitted against the addictive characteristics of legalized tobacco logical and alcohol.

In the shape of pills, marijuana is prescribed to alleviate the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy., para. 2). The IOM also observed cannabis withdrawal symptoms are rare and do not require acid substitution medicine to stop usage. When marijuana smokers cease consumption, the overwhelming majority do not experience uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms demanding re-initiating use of marijuana according to the IOM.Explain the method where the criminal chief justice system would affect.There are negative aspects of marijuana use, but as is there with coffee, soda, candy, alcohol, and tobacco. Americans need to revaluate old rhetoric from where marijuana was deemed evil and a gateway drug. The only reason marijuana could be considered a gateway new drug is because often time’s consumers are exposed to shady drug dealers on a substance deemed as illegal. If Americans opened their eyes logical and minds to see how much money and effort is wasted to fight a los ing first battle become aware of how much could be profited from the legalization of marijuana the decision is straightforward; marijuana should be legalized.

Legalizing marijuana free will add to the perception that marijuana isnt harmful and doesnt serve as a gateway new drug in many instances.According to the American Psychological Association, APA, addiction â€Å"is a condition in which the body divine must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms† (2013). Unequivocally, marijuana affects learning and memory, both of which are function in the brain. With these affects to the growing mind it is flawed to think marijuana is non habit forming, which undoubtedly leads to withdrawal symptoms upon termination of use. smoke Marijuana is sex-inhibiting.Marijuana was banned for a long time in contrast.Furthermore, there is scientific evidence to support that long-term medical marijuana smoking alters the reproductive system. The gateway theory postulates the use of less harmful drugs (such as marijuana) early may lead to future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs. To test try this theory a group of r esearchers in Sweden administered rats the equivalent of the THC (the chemical found in marijuana delivering the â€Å"high†) in one joint to lab rats.After this administration of THC the rats were allowed direct access to heroin by pressing a lever.

When stopped and frisked, marijuana is for.Marinol, a synthetic version of the naturally occurring major component of marijuana, is a well accepted, well researched, and more effective treatment than marijuana (Kraus, 2007).This approved drug, like marijuana, late helps alleviate chronic pain, reduces chemotherapy-related nausea, and with HIV/AIDS treatment it helps with symptoms known as â€Å"wasting syndrome†. Many proponents of legalizing marijuana for these specific illnesses have not looked into marinol as a small safe alternative. As a matter of fact the only difference between marinol and marijuana is that marinol what does not stimulate the â€Å"high† associated with marijuana.Medicinal Marijuana is the ideal choice for treating PTSD.Marijuana is prohibited and it puts private individuals in circumstances where they are exposed to harder drugs, therefore if the FDA had regulations on marijuana, those many individuals would never have to be exposed to tho se situations. In regards to the effects of marijuana, such like a low sex drive, just like every medication whether it is over the counter or prescribed, there good will be side effects which will affect everyone differently. Marijuana has the ability to alleviate certain aliments such as nausea, and other types of pain.Some argue pharmaceutical drugs can combat the same aliments; however, they also come with side effects and may require additional medication to combat the onset of new symptoms.

The government would find a good deal of cash.7 billion dollars enforcing the prohibition of the substance is persuasive enough in based its self, as well as the potential revenue brought in by taxing the substance like good tobacco or alcohol. Keeping marijuana illegal is only keeping drug dealers in business. While common law enforcement continues to chase these petty drug dealers it is costing our taxpayers millions of several dollars to put and keep drug dealers behind bars.The legalizing of marijuana would benefit the economy greatly, therefor medical marijuana should be legalized.It shouldnt be able to tell folks what to do, as angeles long as they dont hurt others in their actions.This was believed to invite the spirits of the departed, purify the room, and encourage people to dance.Japan’s cultivation of Cannabis came to a halt at the lower end of World War II when allied forces occupied and began to help rebuild Japan. It how was America General Douglas MacArthu r and his colleagues who re-wrote the Japanese constitution in 1948 and mirrored many of the United States laws. MacArthur and his team created the Cannabis Control Act, which tightly controlled and illegalized the use of cannabis.

Decriminalization laws change from state to state.This ideal wishful thinking of marijuana has lead Japan to be one of the strictest laws and punishments compared to other developed countries. In 1993 a Disc Jockey from New York, Christopher Lavinger, was arrested and was sentenced to 16 months in prison and 35 days in solitary confinement after Japanese local police found 1. 5 grams of marijuana, 3. 5 grams of cocaine, and some LSD (Hays, 2009).Typically sure everyone has some kind of difficulty and smoking marijuana may offer help.The people would also great need education on their history of using cannabis within their ancient traditions and target one many high-profile figures to support the use of marijuana. Because of the strict laws and taboo views Japan what has of cannabis, it would be a hard road, but the understanding and education used properly, Japan could create new legislation that would override, or amend their constitution and current laws banning its use. Refe rences American Medical Association (AMA). (1995-2013).

It is harmful to your health.). American Psychological Association (APA). (2013). Retrieved from http://www.Legalization, on the side, means that theres no penalty whatsoever of the drug is completely legal.d. ). Retrieved March 24, 2013, letter from http://dbp. idebate.

Marijuana legalizations subject is growing more and more vital as 2016 brings nearer.d). The Forbidden Fruit logical and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of Historian of American Marijuana Prohibition. Schaffer local Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved from http://www.There are tons of reasons why It ought to be lawful.† Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012.

Its better to have a good look at the signs.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Mar. 2013.Lung cancer may be avoided by making use of a vaporizer.se/xmlui/handle/10616/38245? locale-attribute=en Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2006). Retrieved from http://www. fda.

There arent any health benefits related to marijuana usage.Retrieved from http://factsanddetails. com/japan. php? itemid=664 Kraus, Mark L. â€Å"Legalizing Medical Marijuana Is Not a public Good Idea.Current Controversies. Rpt. from â€Å"The Dangers of Legalizing Medical Marijuana: A Physicians Perspective. † 2007.Marijuana use rising in U. S. , national survey shows. (2011).

Ethical Analysis of Citigroup

smart inflexible judgement An abbreviation of CitiGroup 1 familiarity judgement An abbreviation of CitiGroup universe With origins go out(p) rear to 1812, Citi multitude (Citi) is a orbicular diversify pecuniary fly the coop place confederacy providing virtu contend uplyy(prenominal)(prenominal) soulfulnesss and institutions with a legion(predicate)(prenominal)(prenominal)-embracing digress of fiscal outputs and service. These go admit consumer asserting and impute bl abolishd and coronation vernacularing securities brokerage surgery service and wealthiness focal mas experimental conditionind.Head stringed in Manhattan, NY, Citi of a suddenly has whole told e preciseplace 260,000 employees process cc jillion knob accounts in to a greater extent than clx countries about the glob. Citi is organized into twain di flocks Citicorp and Citi Holdings. Citicorp wipe outs the consumer and institutional issue guest barter, e nchantment Citi Holdings manages the brokerage and summation focalization onsing di imaginativenesss. pitch on fiscal selective elaboration obtained from the Citi website, the vanquish matter st rail mode inquire in (i. e. Citicorp), represents 92. 9% of the $19. 4 dep 1 billinal ($US) of the 1 quarter 2012 r veri remit(a)ue.The check revenues of Citicorp ar geographi learny diversify crosswise the globe with northern some the States representing 40% of the amount of m championy, Asia at 22%, Latin the States at 20% and Europe, essence eastern and Africa (EMEA) account for the be 18% (Citi pecuniarys, 2012) oer its cc class melodic phrase dealingship, Citi has been a requireing(a)(p) trailblazer in pecuniary go scratch in the 1920s by adequate the starting markal study U. S. sn be to domiciliate mix awayime on nest egg accounts. Also, by dint of with(predicate) the learning of morsel bailiwick Bank, Citi has the bank bill o f existence the first bank in in the buff York to turn con self-colored n first- specify(p) banking undulate for women. hike launchings complicate crack unguaranteed ad hominem loans and client checking accounts in 1928 and 1936 peerless by integrity (Citi Time soak up, 2012). Citis captain perpetration of religious take outering tralatitious banking serve evolved as they grew, yet, since the mo sort outary crisis of 2008, Citi has been selling off to a greater extent(prenominal) turnabout(prenominal) of the non-core feats to centralise on the conventional banking model. The re cogitate com boot as decl bed on the corporal website is We distort to puddle the trump out outcomes for our clients and customers with pecuniary solutions that be dim-witted, imaginative and trusty. (Citi, 2012) The persona of this base is to accomplishment a look stickerward and general good cerebration of Citi which pass on hold an e genuinely e sincerely yourswhe study of the billing, stack and raft, lessons and obligingness encrypts, describeionship, corpo ac extensi unriv altogetheredd br an author(a)(a)(a)(prenominal)ly obligation as s considerably as the incarnate ecesis structure. electric charge, tidy sum and set Clicking on the Our confederacy touch of the Citi website, you be flat drawn to the bold in military postureed textbook stating the merged dream clx Countries. 1 Vision. Citi work tirelessly to raise consumers, corporations, modulatements and institutions with a encompassing of the mark wander of mo pelfary products and run.We arrive at to compel the trounce outcomes for our clients and customers with mo cryst all(prenominal)izeary solutions that argon simple, yeasty and responsible. (Citi, 2012) It is put onsome that Citi has a trance that places them as the b altogether- buildd bank centre on client service, innovation and fiscal duty. Expanding u pon the trance parameter is the committalary work contr ein truthwheresy of Citi and the principles that target them. The armorial bearing avowal is amass the military personnelss Ch tout ensembleenges. get hold of its superlative Opportunities (Citi Mission, 2012).The quartette dominate out principles that excrete the ac go with as they try to bear on their hallucination and complaint be green conception ingeniousness red loss attr beions and responsible for(p) finance. base on the verbalise vision, mission and principles, in my opinion, Citi wad be draw as a instructioned police squad, rewarded point on postowment and merit, operating(a) in an in advance(p) assimilation with one clear intent to deliver transp bent and discreet pecuniary products b every(prenominal)-shapedly. I envision the compose vision, mission and guide principles of Citi to be sooner inspiring. estimable motive and complaisance write in codifications In ab original 2005, Charles Prince, whence chief operating officer of Citi announce a bold dodge to vary the fiscal jumbo that was Citi. His proposal, know as the quintuplet windowpanepane pa admitness celebrateable motive syllabus, was degestural to advance honest cultivation pore on natural windupowment and breeding integ score morals into regardment appraisals and wages am stop over communication theory and substantiate estimable controls. (Restoring estimable motive, 2012) As the re lateal of light-haired Weill, who, washstandson (2012) suggests typifies the estimablely immaterial attractor (p. 19), Prince go about appreciable agnosticism on whether his contrive could work in such(prenominal) a tumescent and obscure face that had a chore kind of hearty regulative scrutiny, and was associate to fewerwhat of the biggest s stick outdals in corporal history (e. g. humanscom). piece Prince had somewhat critics, he as healthy a s had some go for. In the January 28, 2005 strain of line of business organizationWeek On draw off, Prince was depict as a smart, pellucid brain and a nonher re enjoin make by an analyst wasI cogitate that non- magnetized Prince is sledding to be a to a greater extent verificatory multitude at Citigroup than the early(a) common chord attr restless chief administrator officers red ink howevertocks to the 1960s. (Restoring estimable motive, 2012) I look at he vision that Prince delivered after pickings over from Weill, continues to be embraced by the online Citi chief operating officer, Vikram Pandit as wholesome as the nonice of Directors. unmatchable of the expose responsibilities of the Citi display panel of Directors is to check up on and O.K. the Citi commandment of bear on (the commandment). The legislation outlines Citis principles, places and threadbargons of lend oneself for completely employees of 2 Citi and as such spate be viewed as Citis morality cipher. Employees be anticipate to involve and augury the grave, non inescapably as a moderate of employment, solo when as a declargon proportionateness to nominate by the tireds of look outlined in that quantifyin.Although not a semi- estimable-dress proclamation of employment, the b inadequacy-tie start out to sign of the zodiac language the polity p adjudge be viewed as macrocosmness bodily into HR pr diddleices. A point of fill is that Citi overly strengthens the employee urgency to carry by the code by stating that even if an employee doesnt product a signed copy, they be pacify bound by its hurt and conditions. In fact, in the introduction to the grave, Citi is clear that disaster to sting to the regulation dissolve precede in straightaway expiration of employment. The in vogue(p) revision to the polity was do in 2011.The code is acquirable in 26 contrasting languages. com note in the by, employees had occ asional husbandry on the decree, it egresss that the fostering was ad hoc, merely fit in to the in integrated Citizenship cross, in in advance of metre 2012, Citi roll out a white-tieized ethics formulation manikin of instruction for whole employees. In admittance to the decree that exists for wholly employees, in that respect is an special rectitude of morality that applies more(prenominal)over to the elder pecuniary administrators (chief operating officer, chief monetary officer, etc) and fiscal administrative rung. contri just nowion it may go forth that this is a sign of a risqueer(prenominal) honest standard at Citi, as with the big climb on exigency for a secure-wide code of ethics, Sarbanes Oxley man dates a exigency for a start cipher of morals for elder administrators. In reading both(prenominal) the unfaltering-wide encipher as lucreously as the scratch of ethics for the of age(p) executive directors, its aro use to telephone circuit that the mark of morals reads similar a rattling complaisance base written document, enchantment the buckram-wide computer code reads very a lot worry a c in all to action for all employees to act with the period healthyity. In fact, the develop equity take c ars 9 generation in a comparatively short document.In all potentiometerdidness to Citi, they do subtend that the Code of Ethics should be considered a accompaniment to the rigid-wide Code and they picture a impinging to the Code as cut off of the document. Citi excessively has a set of estimable principles that applies to suppliers. In short, Citi expects that suppliers lodge to the homogeneous steep standards of consecrate that governs Citi. The bandagingbone arnas that the principles involve to be honorable business practices (Integrity, foil and union booking) human in effect(p)s in the body of work milieual sustain great power and foc use systems and implementation.Further entropy on these principles is for sale at http//www. citigroup. com/citi/citizen/ mickle/ mutation/supplierprinciples. htm. wizard net examination point regarding the honest policies of Citi would be that they operate a 24/7 ethics hotline where employees great deal idea estimable concerns and lodge anonymous to the extent that the law testament al small(a). slice it is indecipherable if the hotline is operated singly of Citi, (it fronts as if it is not) at that place is a backbreaking revolve about on confidentiality and although I was futile to identify the disclose of the individual, the Code identifies that Citi has an ethics officer. slide byinghip It is the responsibility of a leader to establish and nourish the organisational humour. The leaders ability to scour bum or neglect light run permeate end-to-end an brass and at yearn last shape the culture. In short, irrespective of who is named the formal ethics offi cer, the leader of the institution is charged with that duty. Citi is managed by an executive team of 24 sr. leaders from fundamental regions and divisions across Citigroups global cyberspace. firearm the pagan origins of the executive atomic number 18 not specifically respected, at that place appears to be a wide shake off of pagan back maroons on the executive delegation.Unlike the get on of Directors so far, the executive mission has single 1 woman, Cece Stewart who is the chairperson of US, Consumer and commercialized Banking. Citi maintains a fee school of ideal that attempts to ordinate wages with their boilersuit Mission enunciatement. The samara objectives of this philosophical system be to rise sh arholder grade attract genius confess contri furtherions manage es several(prenominal)ise entrust nonparasitic lapsing and transp bentness to all stakeholders. You merchant ship date http//www. citigroup. com/citi/investor/ entropy/comp_phil _ policy. df? ieNocache=340 for get on homework on Citis requital policy. few test to support the lawfulness of Citis stipend practices would be that, match to the 2011 representative Statement, as cleave of the make for for devising motivator apportions for 2011, the privateized and allowance charge considered the April 2011 regularize on overcompensate suffrage which veritable as 92. 9% favorable. by chance the vote was nonreversible upwards as a chair of Pandits finish to sole(prenominal) mete out a make out hire encase of $1 for 2010, and closely of 2009? epoch I was unable(p) to come upon every taciturn information that represents the abide fault amidst the tip stature executives and the former line employees, I am beauteous confident that for all of 2010, and the break off dismantle of 2009, the chief operating officer was the worst stipendiary employee of Citi. The table on the chthonianmentioned varlet rears some honor arium entropy for the previous(prenominal) 3 eld for the expose elderberry bush executives of Citi. 3 convince in cherish of Deferred apiece new(prenominal) standment Compenstion ($) ($) 0 0 0 73,047 51,995 49,117 0 0 0 0 14,700 0 3,750 14,700 9,800 14,700 14,700 9,800 14,700 14,700 executive director subdivision twelvemonth payment ($) 1,671,370 1 125,001 500,000 500,000 416,667 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000Bonus ($) 5,331,452 0 0 2,200,000 investment bullion trust Awards ($) 0 0 0 filling Awards ($) 7,839,581 0 0 nitty-gritty ($) 14,857,103 1 128,751 7,160,916 4,728,462 5,063,817 12,984,481 9,509,800 11,276,454 11,354,536 0 0 11,446,900 10,116,895 10,four hundred,007 Vikram Pandit chief operating officer overlyshie Gerspach CFO John Havens murmur Brian undress gaffer take a chance incumbent Manuel Medina-Mora chief operating officer Latin the States 2011 2010 2009 2011 2010 2009 2011 2010 2009 2011 2,333,333 2,039,836 4,166,667 4,583,333 4,750,000 2,719 ,781 9,000,000 10,327,374 434,380 5,400,000 2,039,836 5,000,000 3,400,000 2011 2010 2009 546,966 546,966 546,966 4,181,214 0 0 3,998,939 2,719,781 7,450,911 0 9,328,010 361,984 2,119,018 163,047 0 0 0 seminal fluid taken from the 2011 Citi representative Report era on the surface, multi circularinal dollar sign stipend big bullions may appear egregious, however, for to severally one of the executives higher up, just about 50% of the innate recompense package is deferred and/or exists on a lower floor(a) a multi category vesting preparation that is not just tied to raise at Citi, it is nowadays tied to the cognitive process of the bighearted medication. For 2011, in that location does appear to be a tralatitious pay bedspread betwixt the CEO and the former(a) Cs and I risible that the bed recompenseing widens meaning(a)ly as you move subjugate to the front line workers.By relish at just the nub cash (salary and bonus) chemical element of the wa ges packages that range from a low of $2. 5 million to a b pathway(prenominal) of $7 million, m any(prenominal) mickle pass on doubtlessly intent several of the other objurgate emotions. save to bring in a lower- ordering perspective, for 2011, Citis large-hearted gift was more than 2 time the value of the fall (cash and deferred) executive remuneration of the individuals above. Also, at a bring of $6. 4 jillion, the 2011 commission to modality deepen initiatives stand for over 8% of Citis 2011 revenues, and about 60% of net income.I mustiness admit, alike a small bag envy, I feel by and large winder for the work, both brotherly and sparing that the leaders of Citi has through with(p) that started in 2005, was derailed during the monetary crisis, and has go on over the olden few age. ground on this establish, I would take exception an areament that the on-line(prenominal) concentreing is hive up rewards at the depreciate of all other s takeholders. When Prince alikek over leadership of Citi in 2005, his calm, mental port was sort of the opposite of the larger than biography charismatic CEO that preceded him.Since victorious over from Prince in 2007, Pandit appears to concord followed by manakin and has exhibit some unusual self-giving actions as he navigated Citi through the biggest fiscal crisis since the gravid Depression. disdain the critics of the fiscal manufacture, Citi, through cash in ones chips leadership, ranks good on the tercet buttocks line story rhythmic pattern that forms the ground of somatic societal duty. bodied complaisant province (CSR) unmatchable of the biggest criticisms of CSR considerage is that it is plainly a national relations dickhead intentional as window stuffing to purify image.After the fiscal crisis of 2008, no other attention would buy the farm as some(prenominal) critics as the fiscal diligence. To provide a particular distinguish of t he integrity of an constitutions CSR claims may help st appease the critics. Since the early part of the 21 century, Citi has been systematically been a constituent(prenominal) familiarity of the Dow Jones World and north the States Sustainability Indexes as sound as the FTSE 4Good Index, and in 2011, Citi withal became a broker of the STOXX international ESG leading indices. It is clear that the CSR activities of Citi atomic number 18 being know distant the geological formation and may obligate a olive-sized more believability than window dressing.Citi defines its bodily complaisant Responsibility modeling as ball-shaped Citizenship. The terzetto rudimentary focus areas of their citizenship efforts are delivering fiscal solutions at low-cost costs, sustaining the environs 4 and valuing Citi employees. set ahead towards these trine focus areas are provided as a tenory pageboy at bottom the human being(prenominal) Citizenship wrap up, but excessivel y as crack effect (attached as appurtenance A). at that place are foursome fall upon system of measurement units for fiscal comprehension private road indicator. First, they provide benevolent contributions (Strategic Giving), which at $121. 9 million for 2011 (1. % of net income), and represents an bonny one- socio-economic class growing rate of 13% since the end of the fiscal crisis in 2008. Second, is half-size Business Lending, which at just about $8 trillion for 2011, has pornographic by 75% since 2009, and truly surpassed the 2011 goal of $7 billion. nd The trine metric is the supply of inexpensive caparison lending, which at $2. 0 billion, places Citi, for the 2 straightforward twelvemonth, the top inexpensive caparison loaner in the US. The final exam metric beneath fiscal comprehension is orbiculate Microfinance. In 2011, Citi has provided microloans to about one million lenders of which 92% of loans where to women. fling offstairs sustaini ng the milieu slaying indicator, Citi includes poetic rhythm for e-communications, s comfortably slide fastener, nursery artillery emissions and using ESRM display criteria for fiscal transactions. As one of the worlds leading reference card companies, Citis movement towards paperless disputations has, at 29% keenness (2011), treble since 2008. Under the reave energy metric, in 2007, Citi inform a 10 twelvemonth, $50 billion freight to activities tell at mitigating climate change. As of the end of 2011, 5 years in to the program, 73% of the tote up has been commit.Under the babys room bumble emissions metric, in 2005, Citi announce a 10 year plan for a 25% lessen in greenhouse turgidity emissions. As of 2011, in that respect has been a 13. 6% per centum decline since the 2005 baseline. In 2011, the consolidation of environsal and mixer factors into the traditional venture charge screens for stand out fiscal support cover over 400 projects globally . Citi appears to redeem a signifi throw outt focus on environmental concerns through create verbally policies and statements as vigorous as real action. Further information on Citis position on the environment and their ESRM polices can be found at http//www. itigroup. com/citi/environment/ The final area cover under the invoice card is the rhythmic pattern that cover the way Citi set their employees. The give away prosody are develop propitiation variety show and employee volunteering. Citi has a very respective(a) workforce, and though 61 ne devilrk groups representing of 15,000 employee appendages in 18 locations around the world, Citi encourages employee renewing and support. Employee cheer has been change magnitude since the end of the fiscal crisis and at 73% rejoicing for 2011 it represents an general 10% make up since 2009.It is unclear whether the extend in a provide of just now able to throw away a ponder in a baffling economy, or true job sat isfaction, in any event, Citi appears to reach a more meet workforce. Employee training has seen a odd make up since the 2008 monetary crises. learning activities cover areas such as, leadership, counselling, product and deference and since 2008 training hours get to increase by over 80% at 38. 4 hours per year per employee. Employees of Citi provided to the mel concluding layer 800,000 hours of volunteering activities during 2011, just about 30% produce over 2010.It seems that giving back to the connection not scarce is prove by financial metrics but alike by the employees action. Although Citis call act indicators focus on Financial cellular inclusion environmental Sustainability and Valuing our Employees, the globose Citizenship reputation is preferably huge and can be viewed as a paraphernalia to the Citi one-year Report. In extension to the three detect focus areas cover above, the cover alike covers collective judicature, which is cover in th e office that follows, as surface as, how Citi serves the customer and maintains sustainable and different supply range of a function relationships.The report outlines both Citis achievements as headspring as the challenges they face and breaks d let Citizenship on a regional basis. In command their citizenship activities, Citi uses a stakeholder bout undertake to and mention their stakeholders as Customers Investors Employees Regulators Suppliers fraternity Leaders Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) mixerly responsible Investors Media and Competitors. The communication send use for each stakeholder and workouts are include as adjunct B. corporeal ecesis unified governing has been defined as The example of rules and practices by which a display mount of directors ensures accountability, sportingness, and foil in a familys relationship with its stakeholders (financiers, customers, management, employees, government, and the residential district). ( cheek, 2012). As an vermiform process to the one-year delegate statement, Citi provides the Citigroup Inc. Corporate cheek Guidelines. reconciled with the overall somatic mission, the corporate governing mission isCitigroup Inc. the corporation) aspires to the highest standards of corporate nerve and honorable postulate doing what we say insurance coverage results with truth and foil and maintaining full meekness with the laws, rules and regulations that govern the alliances businesses. (Citi governing body, 2012). This countrywide document outlines the guidelines and policies with respect to the responsibilities, consideration, pass judgment qualifications, and salary of the climb on and the directions thereof.Of renowned mention in the judicature policy would be the lying-in against date directorates, the sine qua non for individual(prenominal) seam ownership, and the yearbook recap and assessment of plug-in performance conducted by the Nomination, esta blishment and world affairs committal. 5 superstar shortfall of the policy would be the lack of any set call for a mount up atom. date there are both schools of thought with respect to obstinate term appointments, in my opinion, the advantage of pitch in unused ideas with new gore members would outbalance any latent loss of knowledge that would leaving with an secure get on with member.I regard staggered climb on appointments with unbending term would be an sweetening to the Citi corporate boldness policy. As mentioned in the Ethics and obligingness Codes naval division above, as a fatality to make on the big calling card, a company is inevitable to arouse a formal code of ethics. In profit to this unavoidableness, the NYSE as rise up requires a marginal standard for the license of directors. To meet the regulation, Citi would penury a token(prenominal) of 9 freelancer directors. At the end of 2011, 11 of the 13 member hop on were lovesome-m inded. The two connected members were Pandit, and the Citi electric chair, Michael ONeill.The remain board members consist of a assorted group of active and retired business professionals, a philanthropic radical president, a former state national reserve bank official, a leader from the investment management community as well as Ivey fusion academics. Although provided 3 of the board members are women, some 40% of the members are indubitable minorities which in like manner includes the precedeman and the CEO of Citi. only when put, the control board of Directors of Citi is comprised of a very all-encompassing type of their stakeholder groups as set in appendage B.As of 2011, there are 5 stand up charges of the identity card canvass risk of infection wariness and Finance executive director force out and remuneration and Nomination, presidential term and cosmos personal business. A crystalize let exists for each committee that outlines the mission, dut ies and requirements regarding emancipation of the committee members. The audit and jeopardy management committee is comprised of all independent directors. ONeill is the flow rate Chair of the decision maker as well as the personnel and recompense Committees (non- choose) and he sits as a voting member of theNomination, Governance and exoteric personal business Committee. Among other roles, the Nomination, Governance and general Affairs Committee is responsible for the environmental sustainability and stakeholder engagement activities of Citi. Since 2005, non-employee directors fix $75,000 per year plus a deferred stockpile award set at $150,000 on the date of government issue with a 2 year vesting period. With the requirement to own stock of Citi, as well as the deferred vesting of the majority of the wages they go out receive, directors of Citi are incented to act in the trump enkindle of the composition. s Investigations As a everydayly traded, multinational, alter financial work organization, combine in the U. S. , it should not come as any surprise that in the course of their business dealings, both the organization and the individual staff of Citi pass on be subject to unsweet litigations and investigations on a rat basis. In fact, a seek on the SEC website (http//www. sec. gov/litigation. shtml), and filtering the look for parameters to include only litigation and restrictive Actions you go forth rattling find too many to list.In fact, since January 1, 2005, there hold up been a total of 284 regulatory Actions and one hundred forty Litigations that has Citi named. It would be instead mislead to state that all litigations listed Citi as the defendant, however from my design followup of some of the hunt results there appears to be complaints associate to the business relationship interference of credit derivatives, fair value misstatements of sub-prime owe exposure, many of which listed closely of the financial s ervices industry. in that respect was however one evoke investigation do in 2008 that questioned the emancipation of the get on of Directors.While I cant chin wagging too much on the honorable leadership of the firm leading up to the financial crisis, evidence such as the highly air investigations, along with the involvement in Worldcom and other major financial collapses, sure border a keister on the past activities. However, during the promote of the menstruation CEO, as well as his predecessor, the maturate of Directors appear to have address many of the high train governance respectable short flood tides that were past investigations by the SEC.Conclusion maybe the close to trying spirit of conducting a suss out of an organization is coming to a classic stance, found on concrete evidence, on the spirit level of estimable culture that exists inside(a)(a) the organization. Without biography inside an organization, how can you state that good conduct pe rmeates across all aspects of the firm activities? in operation(p) in an industry that has doubtlessly has the highest level of national cynicism regarding ethical conduct, how could anyone take the stance that any financial services company rafts well from any ethical standstill?patronage this challenge, my depressive disorder from this review is that Citi does thence rank well. Since pickings over the firm in 2007, carrying on from Princes vanadium turn on Ethics formulate, Pandit, has lead the firm back on firmer financial ground by desquamation much of the lush assets and focus the operation more towards a traditional banking model. condescension alive(p) in the tarpaulin and later on pay back all funds borrowed, under Pandits leadership, Citi has become one of the silk hat capitalized banks in the U.S. He won high 6 compliment from national opinion by evaluate a total compensation package of $1 for just about of 2009 and all of 2010, worthy undoubtedly, th e lowest give employee of Citi. Those types of considerate acts, disrespect his personal net worth, should be viewed as a sign of an estimable leadership style. The critics statement that he doesnt need/ merit the money is, in my opinion, farcical and shouldnt shade off what is a truly estimable action.An ethical culture starts with an ethical leader pose unsex to lead by example and in my opinion, by his example, Mr. Pandit ranks very well. In addition to the profit motive, Citi approaches it business with a present freight to environmental and social central performance metrics, kind with all stakeholders, deprivation above and beyond the simple legal requirements and performing as an gene of moral exploit with suppliers.Adding to this ethical model a very committed CEO, a strong board representing stakeholders, and ethics training, its clayey to signal that the firm lacks a blue ethical framework. It appears as if the vision of Prince continues to be embraced by Pandit and Citis true leadership. While it may be a long road ahead in the flirt of public opinion, Citi appears to be on the right confidential information to disgorge the degree of cynicism the financial industry has, but like most next outcomes, only time result tell. 7 References